What are the Different Types of Contemporary Art?

Introduction: What are the Different Types/Categories of Contemporary Art?

Since the shift from Modernism to Postmodernism, there has been an explosion of different types of art. Back in the day, there were four types of visual arts: paintings, sculpture, drawing, and printmaking. Simpler times, one might say. And arguably, you are right. New possible types of art emerged as visual artists integrated technological developments and new ways of thinking due to Postmodernism pushing the boundaries of the traditional art forms and redefining what art can be.

The different types of contemporary art are painting, sculpture, drawing, printmaking, collage, digital art/collage, photography, video art, installation art, land art, (public) intervention art, and performance art.

A mouthful, to say the least, however, many of these twelve types of art are connected, and it is often unclear where one type ends and the other takes over as they are strongly intertwined. Then, there are also certain combinations, such as the performance-based sculptor, a public intervention by the manner of land art, or a collage-based painter.

As a result, we have listed the types above of contemporary art in a clear overview with an example and a clear definition. So, without further ado, let’s start with the first type of contemporary art.

Please note: If you are an artist yourself, make sure to read our article on How To Succeed As an Artist. Or, feel free to head over to our Services for artists, to get featured on CAI or request professional 1-on-1 advice.

1. Painting

We set off with painting! Painting has been proclaimed to be dead multiple times in art history. Think of Douglas Crimp’s iconic article The End of Painting. However, painting isn’t going anywhere and has been (and arguably still is) one of the most pertinent art forms.

With painting, we have on one side of the spectrum of abstraction and the other side representational painting. Today, both types of painting – or a combination of both – are contemporary and highly relevant. Think of Gerhard Richter, who switches from pure abstraction to photorealistic paintings or the implementation of old master techniques in an utmost contemporary manner.

With painting, one works on a two-dimensional surface using a wet substance. This substance is often painted, acrylic, or oil, commonly applied on cotton or linen canvas, a wooden panel, or a copper/metal plate. However, today we also have painters such as Anselm Kiefer who paint with metal or incorporate found objects defying the boundaries of painting with sculpture.

We have a separate article on the most famous painters today, sketching the current state of the art in painting as a separate type or category in contemporary read. Read the article here. And, if you are a painter yourself, make sure to read our article on how to succeed as a painter/artist, which discusses all the things you need to know to succeed, but nobody is telling you. Discover here.

For further reading on contemporary painting, please read our article on Contemporary Painting: A Complete Overview. Further, I highly recommend Painting Today by Tony Godfrey. At the moment, it is arguably the best and most complete book on painting today!

2. Sculpture

Next, we have the traditional art form of sculpture in a contemporary context. Sculpture is a three-dimensional art form most often practiced by using marble, wood, copper, or bronze. Today, these traditional materials remain the most used by contemporary sculptors.

However, with recent technological developments, there are more possibilities as new materials and techniques are used by contemporary artists due to their continuous quest for experimentation and new paths to wander. As a result, one may encounter sculptures made of plexiglass, fiberglass, epoxy, wax, steel, or even electronic and kinetic devices.

As with painting, the sculptor can opt to make representational sculptures such as the renowned Jeff Koons sculptures (see image below) – for instance, his balloon dogs or the giant heads by Mark Manders. Also, in contemporary sculpture, there is a subcategory of hyperrealism in which they recreate human figures as if they were actual human beings. On the other hand, we have abstract sculptures such as the minimalist Donald Judd sculptures of cubical forms, the abstract steel sculptures of Frank Stella, or the sculptural mirrors by Anish Kapoor, to name a few.

One must also add the thin line between contemporary sculpture and installation art (cf. infra). Often, a sculpture can be seen as an installation and vice versa. Both are three-dimensional artworks made of various possible materials. However, a sculpture is often seen as an installation when there is the use of ready-mades or when it takes in and creates its own environment.

Discover the current state of the arts regarding sculpture with another Phaidon classic Sculpture Today, by Judith Collins.

3. Drawing

Art starts with drawing—an age-old saying with a solid ground of truth. Art begins when the artist makes a mark with his pencil on paper. It is the foundation of one’s visual education.

Ever since Modernism has freed art from academic conventions, this notion of drawing as the foundation of the artist’s trait has shifted slightly, as it is no longer typical for an artist who needs to be a highly trained draughtsman. One might argue this is a negative tendency and reduces the practice of drawing to a trivial occupation. However, the opposite seems to be true.

With Modernism and today in a Postmodern era, drawing has conquered its place among the art forms. A drawing was often seemed as a less valuable artwork than a painting or sculpture, as it was usually just a step in the process of the creation of artworks or a part of the education of the artist.

Today, it is an art form an sich as contemporary artists dedicate their life and career to the medium of drawing. Please think of the impressive oeuvre of Rinus Van De Velde and his monumental charcoal drawings based upon studio installations (see image below).

For a more extensive read on contemporary drawing, feel free to read our article on contemporary drawing and the best drawing artists here.

4. Printmaking

Up next, we have printmaking. The genesis of printmaking can be found around 1450 in Gutenberg, Germany. Woodcarvings, followed by engravings, etchings, and lithography, made it possible to (re)produce multiples of artworks, resulting in a grand distribution of images functioning as a catalyst and xenogamy for art.

Up to this day, printmaking has been an important art category for the distribution of images and art. Due to the fact printmaking offers multiple items, prices are lower, and collectors can acquire works of artists who are out of reach regarding the price range.

Even more, some artists perfect printmaking and elevate the practice to an art form an sich. Please think of the South African draughtsman William Kentridge and his oeuvre of the finest prints honoring the medium (see image below).

5. Collage

Collage is the artistic act of making an assemblage of different forms, materials, or images. It has been an artistic practice in Europe since around the 1500s but was never seen as a proper art form.

However, with the arrival of Modern Art, collage as an art form flourished throughout the 20th century. Think of art movements such as Cubism, Dadaism, or Surrealism, in which collage was implemented into ‘high art.’ As a result, collage has become an important type of contemporary art.

Today, there are more collage artists than ever before. Collage has in fact, become one of the most common practices when it comes to ‘building an image’. In a Postmodern era where appropriation plays a considerable role, collage is an essential strategy to construct a new image by borrowing second-hand material. Please think of the collages by Adrian Ghenie and how they have shaped his visual language when it comes to painting (see image below).

6. Digital Art/Collage

With the arrival of digital arts and software such as Photoshop, which we call digital collage, a new type of art emerged. The digital collage consists of composing a new image based upon secondhand imagery or photography using digital software.

Although software such as Photoshop or Paintbox has been around for a while, digital collage is only recently recognized as a valid type of high art. Think of the mesmerizing collages by digital collage artist Jorg Karg (see image below).

7. Photography

Further, there is the art form of photography. When referring to photography as an art form, one commonly speaks of ‘fine art photography’. Ever since the medium’s invention, the notion of photography as a form of visual art has been present. The photographer became an artist.

Today, photography is omnipresent in the art world, with leading photographers such as Dirk Breackman or Wolfgang Tillmans (see image below) leading the industry and receiving as much praise as their colleagues occupied with, for example, painting.

Further, many performance artists depend on photography to capture their art and freeze it in time and space.

8. Video Art

A similar story can be told when it comes to videography. Artists have been interested in moving images since its genesis, experimenting with film and video. Think of the abstract videos by Lásló Moholy-Nagy or the minimal films by Andy Warhol.

Today, video art is one of the most practiced types of art among multidisciplinary artists. Think of Laure Prouvost or Anri Sala, to name a few. And then there are the genuine video artists, whose practice exclusively consists of art through film. The video is a work of art, and the director is the artist. Think of the cinematic pieces by the ubiquitous Bill Viola (see film still below).

For a complete overview on Video Art, read our article on Video Art Explained, or discover the printed publication Video Art: The First 50 Years recently published by Phaidon.

9. Installation Art

Up next, we have installation art. Strongly associated with the art movement of Conceptual Art, installation artworks are three-dimensional works of art, existing of one or more objects in a space or as the space an sich.

With installation art, the use of ready-mades – such as the chair in Joseph Kosuth’s iconic One and three chairs (see image below) – is a widespread practice. Installation art can be seen as a contemporary type of sculpture in which various materials are used in an unconventional manner, distinguishing itself from the traditional sculpture.

Today, installation art is one of the most practiced types of contemporary art. For further reading on Installation Art, we recommend the book Installation Art: Between Image and Stage.

10. Land Art

The next type of art is also an art movement called Land Art. With land art, the artist acts as a landscape architect redesigning an environment. The best-known example of this movement and type of contemporary art is the Spiral Jetty by Robert Smithson from 1970 (see image below).

Land art can also be on a smaller scale. Think of artists such as Jan Vercruysse designing a city park or a private garden incorporating sculptures and natural elements as building stones for their artwork.

Discover everything about Land Art with the book Land & Environmental Art by Jeffrey Kastner and Brian Wallis.

11. (Public) Intervention Art

Like Land Art, with Intervention Art, the artist makes an intervention in a specific environment. Whereas with Land Art, the intervention occurs in a landscape or natural environment, (public) intervention art takes place in an urban setting.

By making an intervention, large or small, the artist makes the inhabitant of the era aware of its own environment. Think of Christo and Jeanne-Claudes wrapped buildings, bridges, sculptures, and even islands (see image below).

12. Performance Art

We conclude with the final type of contemporary art: performance art. Performance art emerged in the 60s and 70s and is a dominant art form up to this day. With performance art, there is no object. Instead, a happening is the artwork itself.

Performance art is marked by its temporary character and is strongly linked with the performing arts, such as theatre and dance. The artist acts as a choreographer or – as with Marina Abramovic (see image above) – as the performer.

Discover more about performance art with the reference publication Performance Art: From Futurism to the Present by RoseLee Goldberg.

Last Updated on September 25, 2024